نظریه سایبرنتیک

When Norbert Wiener introduced the term, which is derived from the Greek meaning governor or steers man (in) (1948 AC) to describe (3 C'S), communication, computing & control in living organism and in the machine, he was unaware that it had already had a considerable history and that it had been used more than a century before by Andre Ampere, a French physicist, mathematician and founder of the science of electrodynamics, to cover the purely governmental side of such a theory, in the positivistic classification of scientific theories. The modern term was introduced because of the need to describe comprehensively a group of phenomena having a real community of ideas and appropriate methods of study ut be longing to conventionally different discipline. This congeries of sciences developed during World Warll out of need for putting mathematical and other scientific talents to work on practical problems of military design, which had not until then been considered to be of a purely scientific nature. This need was closely related to be of a purely scuentific nature. The need was closely related to the farther one of organizing such proesses as the tracking down of airplanes, which by their very speed and complexity eluded the existing types of human intervention, through the use of automatic mechanical, or electronic auxiliary devices. Cybernetics includes the theory of information and its measurments the concept of communication as a statistical problem in which messages not sent play an equal role with messages sent the theory of statistical prediction of sequences of events distributed in time the theory of the relation between message and noise and their separation by wave filters the theory of apparatus for control and its design and application to servomechanisms electrical computers and the automatic weapons and factories. It includes also the theory of apparatus that retains information in a sort of memory and that adapts its performance to improve its own efficiency by a sort of learning process and the application of this idea to the man and his society to include the theory of Gestalt psychology. It may be extended to the study of physical apparatus by which we may recognize Gestalt closely related to theory of communication nets with variable characteristics, and of the ways in which such nets settle down to an equilibrium of quasi- equilibrium of performance. Norbert Wiener's book was the base of investigation covering not only such mechanisms but also their archetype, the brain and the nervous system. Cybernetic science was the outgrowth of war work done by Julian Biglow and the author of "Automatic Predictors for Antiaircraft fire", of a long-standing interst in computing machines, and of certain suggestions made by Arturo Rosenblueth, concerning the functioning of the human elements in mixed human and mechanical fire-control systems. Today the cybernetic science and discipline, has attracted the attenetion of neurophysiologists, psychologists, psychiatrists communication engineers, pure mathematicians, behavioral scientists, bublic administration sciences. In short, all scientists still continue investigation in the research centers to observe the whole organisms and their parts of cybernetic machines they priodically add new refinements of procedure. One of the most improtant steps in the progress of cybernetics was taken in1960, when boionic science began seriously to be used for the study to gain more knowledge of the chain of events by which bionic transformations are brought about in the organism and to relate structure to process and biochemical relations to the production of visiblechanges by Maj J.E. Steel and Dr. J. E. Keto in Ohaio, U.S.A. The collection and description of facts are only a beginning step in the development of cybernetic sciences.